banner



how long do alcoholics live

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022 Apr; 131(four): 297–306.

Mortality and life expectancy of people with alcohol use disorder in Denmark, Republic of finland and Sweden

J Westman,ane, 2 K Wahlbeck,2, iii T M Laursen,four One thousand Gissler,2, 3 M Nordentoft,5 J Hällgren,1 Thousand Arffman,iii and U Ösbyone, 6

J Westman

iCentre for Family Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

2Nordic Inquiry University in Mental Health, Nordic School of Public Wellness, Gothenburg, Sweden

M Wahlbeck

2Nordic Research Academy in Mental Wellness, Nordic Schoolhouse of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden

3THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

T M Laursen

4National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

1000 Gissler

2Nordic Research Academy in Mental Health, Nordic School of Public Wellness, Gothenburg, Sweden

threeTHL National Institute for Wellness and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

M Nordentoft

5Mental Health Eye Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Kinesthesia of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark

J Hällgren

1Centre for Family Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Thou Arffman

threeTHL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

U Ösby

1Eye for Family Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Club, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

viMiddle for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract

Objective

To analyse bloodshed and life expectancy in people with alcohol utilise disorder in Denmark, Finland and Sweden.

Method

A population-based annals written report including all patients admitted to hospital diagnosed with alcohol utilise disorder (1 158 486 person-years) from 1987 to 2006 in Denmark, Finland and Sweden.

Results

Life expectancy was 24–28 years shorter in people with alcohol utilise disorder than in the general population. From 1987 to 2006, the difference in life expectancy betwixt patients with alcohol use disorder and the general population increased in men (Kingdom of denmark, 1.eight years; Republic of finland, 2.6 years; Sweden, 1.0 years); in women, the difference in life expectancy increased in Kingdom of denmark (0.3 years) but decreased in Finland (−0.8 years) and Sweden (−i.8 years). People with alcohol use disorder had college bloodshed from all causes of expiry (mortality rate ratio, 3.0–v.2), all diseases and medical conditions (2.3–4.eight), and suicide (nine.iii–35.9).

Conclusion

People hospitalized with alcohol apply disorder have an boilerplate life expectancy of 47–53 years (men) and 50–58 years (women) and die 24–28 years earlier than people in the general population.

Keywords: alcoholism, mortality, epidemiology, Scandinavia

Significant outcomes

  • People with booze use disorder have 24–28 years shorter life expectancy than the general population in the Nordic countries.

  • Alcohol use disorder is a major public health problem that causes many years of lost life, even in countries with restrictive alcohol consumption policies.

Limitations

  • A major limitation of the present written report was the inclusion only of patients with alcohol use disorder from inpatient care, which may have caused selection bias of patients with the near severe health problems.

  • The study was register-based and lacked clinical data well-nigh treatment and adherence.

  • Alcohol consumption per capita was determined from amass data and not from alcohol exposure for individuals.

Introduction

Booze use disorder (AUD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (1). People with AUD take among the highest all-cause mortality of all people who receive handling for mental disorders (2, 3). A meta-analysis that included 81 observational studies from many countries showed that people with AUD take three-fold college mortality in men and 4-fold college bloodshed in women than the general population (4). In all people who have AUD, mortality is relatively college in women, younger people and people in treatment for habit (4). Notwithstanding, comprehensive mortality information over time of patients with AUD are not bachelor from Nordic countries.

Increased alcohol consumption is associated with increased disease burden, accidents, and social problems (4, 5). In response to these effects, booze policies were created in Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Kingdom of denmark, Finland and Iceland) to promote a decrease in alcohol consumption and restrict booze availability. The governments of all Nordic countries except Denmark have a monopoly of alcohol retail. However, later on joining the European Matrimony in 1995, Finland and Sweden shifted from a highly restrictive to a more liberal alcohol policy. The price of alcohol was reduced by tax reduction on alcoholic beverages in Denmark and Finland, abolition of quantitative quotas on alcoholic beverages in Sweden and Finland, and more generous opening hours of alcohol retailers in Sweden. These changes made alcohol more accessible to the public in these countries since 2003. The booze control policies of the countries were associated with total alcohol consumption (half-dozen, vii); Sweden has the most restrictive, and Denmark has the least restrictive alcohol policies. Frequency of heavy alcohol drinkers and alcohol-related problems are often assumed to depend on the level of alcohol consumption in the general population (7–9).

The reliable nationwide health intendance registers in Denmark, Finland and Sweden provide a unique opportunity to report mortality in people diagnosed with AUD.

Aims of the study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate mortality and life expectancy in people who had AUD in Denmark, Finland and Sweden between 1987 and 2006.

Material and methods

Study populations

National health registers from Denmark, Finland and Sweden were used to follow the entire population, approximately 20 meg people, aged 15 years or above, in these 3 countries and identify all people who were admitted to hospital considering of AUD as the primary or secondary diagnosis during xx years (January 1, 1987 to December 31, 2006). Data near patients were retrieved from the national infirmary discharge registers in each country. In Denmark, the data about patients were retrieved from the Psychiatric Care Register and the Hospital Discharge Register for medical intendance. In Finland and Sweden, the Infirmary Discharge Registers, which independent information well-nigh medical and psychiatric care, were used. The hospital register information was linked to the national registers about causes of death in each state to retrieve data about date and cause of death. Data most alcohol consumption per capita were nerveless from an international database (6). Follow-upward started on the date of first hospital access for AUD. Each person was followed from the twenty-four hours of first hospital admission until expiry or the stop of a 5-year period to estimate time trends with a sufficient number of deaths; therefore, a person could exist counted in more than i time period if readmitted during a unlike period. For analysis of fourth dimension trends, the 20-year ascertainment menstruum was divided into 5-twelvemonth periods: 1987–1991, 1992–1996, 1997–2001 and 2002–2006. Ethical approval was obtained from the regional ethics committee in Gothenburg. The data-keeping authorities from each country gave permission to use wellness register data in this study.

Definitions

The diagnosis of AUD (mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol use) was defined according to the World Health System nomenclature organisation (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]): ICD-8, codes 291, 303; ICD-9, codes 291, 303, 305A; ICD-ten, codes F10.0 to F10.9 (10–12). Causes of decease were divers co-ordinate to the classification as (1) all-cause mortality (ICD-viii, codes 001 to E999; ICD-9, codes 001 to E999; ICD-ten, codes A00 to Y98); (2) death from diseases and medical conditions (ICD-eight, codes 001 to 796; ICD-9, codes 001 to 799; ICD-10, codes A00 to R99); (3) suicide (ICD-viii, codes E950 to E959; ICD-9, codes E950 to E959; ICD-10, codes X60 to 84); and (4) external causes of death other than suicide (ICD-8, codes E800 to E999, excluding codes E950 to E959; ICD-9, codes E800 to E999, excluding codes E950 to E959; ICD-10, codes V01 to Y98, excluding codes X60 to 84) (10–12).

Alcohol consumption was divers equally the national average of registered amount of alcohol consumed (litres of pure booze) per capita aged ≥xv years during a calendar twelvemonth. The aggregate indicator from revenue enhancement information included consumption for the unabridged population based on production, import, export and sales (6).

Statistical analysis

The report population for each country was stratified into 5 historic period groups (xv–29 years; 30–44 years; 45–59 years; 60–74 years; ≥75 years), and frequency of mortality was calculated for each group. Person-years and number of deaths were adamant for each age grouping and 5-yr period. Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years was calculated for each state and standardized using Nordic population data for the year 2000 (13). Bloodshed rate ratios were calculated by taking standardized bloodshed rate in people with AUD divided by standardized mortality rate in general population. Nosotros calculated life expectancy for people with AUD aged ≥15 years, stratified by sexual activity, using Wiesler method with 1-year age stratification (xiv). Life expectancy for each of the v-year periods was determined. Population life expectancy information for each country, calculated and published by the World Health Organisation (half dozen), were used for population comparisons. The difference in life expectancy was calculated past taking life expectancy in full general population minus life expectancy in people with AUD. Data from national registers in the Nordic countries include all individuals and are not samples. Therefore, confidence intervals (CI) are non relevant.

Results

Alcohol employ disorder: incidence and associated mortality

In Denmark, the number of men and women hospitalized because of AUD was similar for the v-yr periods from 1987 to 2001 but increased for 2002 to 2006 (Table ane). In Finland, the number of men and women with AUD increased from 1987 to 2001 and remained unchanged for 2002 to 2006. In Sweden, the number of men with AUD decreased and the number of women with AUD increased from 1987 to 2006 (Table 1).

Table 1

Alcohol employ disorder and associated mortality in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006

Study period Kingdom of denmark
Finland
Sweden
1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006
Men
 People with AUD
  No. of people 32 368 29 818 31 646 39 163 27 845 32 232 41 748 40 489 51 411 49 097 43 715 46 840
  No. of deaths 4866 5042 5041 6997 3229 3465 5355 5458 7338 6705 5497 6313
  Person-years 84 192 76 142 75 011 93 981 63 452 67 223 95 952 90 994 143 990 134 416 114 017 119 116
  Mortality per 100 000 person-years 5780 6622 6720 7445 5082 5154 5581 5998 5096 4988 4821 5300
  Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years 7591 8142 7838 7720 6327 6476 6196 6067 5855 5459 5245 5119
 General population
  Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years 1888 1867 1704 1576 1977 2011 2045 2009 1660 1524 1413 1294
Women
 People with AUD
  No. of people xiii 542 xiii 168 14 188 17 658 5428 7446 12 235 12 999 14 366 14 978 16 939 nineteen 926
  No. of deaths 1673 1827 1804 2579 435 523 976 1128 1305 1331 1327 1585
  Person-years 36 070 33 464 35 090 43 735 12 098 14 844 28 136 29 502 39 488 39 879 43 150 49 649
  Mortality per 100 000 person-years 4638 5460 5141 5897 3596 3523 3469 3824 3305 3338 3075 3192
  Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years 5379 5764 5249 5746 4614 4381 4152 4134 4352 4040 3788 3779
 General population
  Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years 1223 1242 1164 1097 1162 1197 1190 1142 1046 979 934 891

Bloodshed was college in Kingdom of denmark than Republic of finland or Sweden (Table 1, Figs 1 and 2). Standardized mortality per 100 000 increased during the entire written report period in men and women with AUD in Denmark (Table ane). In Finland and Sweden, the standardized mortality per 100 000 decreased in men and women with AUD during the entire study menses (Table one).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f1.jpg

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and associated mortality in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years. Men.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f2.jpg

Alcohol utilise disorder (AUD) and associated bloodshed in Kingdom of denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Standardized mortality per 100 000 person-years. Women.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in people with AUD was lowest in Kingdom of denmark and highest in Sweden (Table 2, Figs 3 and four). In all three countries, life expectancy was longer for women than men, both for people with AUD and the general population (Tabular array 2). In men and women in Denmark, life expectancy for people with AUD and the general population increased during the entire study, and the departure in life expectancy betwixt people with AUD and the general population increased more for men than women (Table 2). In Finland, life expectancy for people with AUD increased more for women than men, and the difference in life expectancy betwixt people with AUD and the general population increased for men but decreased for women during the entire written report (Tabular array ii). In Sweden, life expectancy for people with AUD and the full general population increased in men and women, and the departure in life expectancy between people with AUD and the general population increased in men but decreased in women during the entire written report (Tabular array ii).

Table 2

Life expectancy of people with booze utilize disorder and people in the general population in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006

Life expectancy (years) Kingdom of denmark
Finland
Sweden
Study period 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006
Men
 People with AUD 46.vi 46.ane 46.7 47.5 46.8 46.iv 46.8 48.3 50.iii 51.4 52.1 52.7
 General population 72.three 72.8 74.0 75.0 71.vii 73.1 74.5 75.8 75.0 76.2 77.3 78.iv
 Difference 25.7 26.vii 27.three 27.5 24.9 26.7 27.vii 27.5 24.7 24.eight 25.2 25.7
Women
 People with AUD 49.8 49.5 51.4 51.ii 52.seven 52.4 54.3 56.4 54.8 56.5 57.7 58.6
 General population 77.9 77.ix 78.7 79.half dozen 79.7 eighty.7 81.7 82.six 80.7 81.4 82.ane 82.7
 Difference 28.ane 28.4 27.3 28.4 27.0 28.3 27.4 26.2 25.ix 24.9 24.4 24.one

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f3.jpg

Life expectancy of people with alcohol utilise disorder (AUD) and people in the full general population in Denmark, Republic of finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Men.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f4.jpg

Life expectancy of people with booze apply disorder (AUD) and people in the general population in Kingdom of denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Women.

Historic period

In all 3 countries, mortality rate ratios in people with AUD were higher in immature age groups. In Denmark, mortality rate ratios increased during the entire study in men and women for most historic period groups, especially ages 30–59 years (Table 3). In Finland, bloodshed charge per unit ratios increased during the entire study flow in men and women anile 30–44 years. In Sweden, mortality charge per unit ratios increased during the unabridged report period in men aged 30–74 years and women anile 45–74 years (Table 3).

Tabular array 3

Mortality charge per unit ratio for people with booze employ disorder compared with people in the general population in Denmark, Republic of finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006

Bloodshed rate ratio* Kingdom of denmark
Finland
Sweden
Written report menses 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006 1987–1991 1992–1996 1997–2001 2002–2006
Men
 Historic period (years)
  15–29 nine.5 9.1 8.7 vii.v fifteen.ane 21.seven eighteen.8 16.8 9.6 xi.v 9.2 10.3
  xxx–44 14.2 sixteen.4 nineteen.6 19.3 12.seven 13.5 17.6 20.seven 14.7 15.5 xviii.5 18.7
  45–59 viii.8 11 11.vi xiii.1 six.9 seven.0 six.6 vi.7 8.four nine.4 ten.iii 11.four
  60–74 5.0 v.3 v.8 6.3 3.1 three.three 3.3 3.6 4.ii iv.three 4.vi 5.three
  ≥75 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.v i.viii 1.iii one.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.i
 Cause of death
  All causes 4.0 four.4 4.6 4.9 three.ii three.2 iii.0 3.0 3.5 three.6 3.vii iv.0
  All diseases and medical conditions 3.vii iv.0 4.2 4.half dozen 2.3 two.3 2.3 ii.three iii.one 3.ane 3.2 3.4
  Suicide xi.iii 11.6 thirteen.2 ten.7 12.0 13.three 12.ix 12.3 nine.seven 9.iii 12.vi 12.iii
  Other external causes 8.half dozen 9.3 9.5 xi.5 12.3 13.5 10.0 11.0 x.2 xi.4 xi.0 12.0
Women
 Historic period (years)
  15–29 19.2 11.0 7.eight 11.vii 32.4 41.4 37.0 26.3 eighteen.two 16.7 12.4 12.3
  30–44 21.7 24.3 24.7 28.4 23.9 25.9 26.1 30.9 19.5 xviii.6 19.7 19.ii
  45–59 10.2 13.0 13.iii 15.half-dozen 13.ix 12.9 10.1 10.7 10.8 11.8 12.iii 11.9
  60–74 five.6 6.1 5.eight 6.nine 4.nine 4.7 five.5 6.four 5.9 half dozen.three 6.5 7.4
  ≥75 two.0 1.9 1.ix ii.4 1.five one.five 1.5 one.iv 2.2 ii.ane ii.0 2.1
 Cause of death
  All causes 4.4 four.6 4.5 5.ii 4.0 three.seven 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.1 iv.one 4.2
  All diseases and medical conditions three.vii four.ane iv.0 4.8 3.0 ii.6 2.6 2.viii 3.6 3.half dozen 3.5 3.6
  Suicide 21.4 22.4 20.4 24.9 22 35.5 35.nine 27.3 xv.ix 23.5 26.8 28.5
  Other external causes 13.5 13.four 13.one 15.0 23.8 xx.2 sixteen.nine sixteen.3 17.2 15.ane 15.5 15.6

Cause of death

In all 3 countries, people with AUD had higher mortality from all causes of death (Figs 5 and 6), all diseases and medical weather, and suicide, than people in the full general population (Table iii). In Denmark, mortality rate ratios in people with AUD increased from 1987 to 2006 from all diseases and medical weather; mortality rate ratio from suicide was increased only in women during 2002 to 2006 (Table 3). In Republic of finland, mortality charge per unit ratios from all causes of death decreased during the entire study in both men and women; mortality rate ratios from all diseases and medical atmospheric condition were unchanged during the entire study for men and women, and mortality rate ratios from suicide increased in women but not men (Table 3). In Sweden, bloodshed rate ratios from all causes of death increased in men but was unchanged in women during the entire study; mortality rate ratio from suicide increased in both men and women (Table 3).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f5.jpg

Mortality rate ratio for people with booze use disorder compared with people in the full general population in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Men.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f6.jpg

Mortality charge per unit ratio for people with alcohol use disorder compared with people in the full general population in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006. Women.

Alcohol consumption

During the unabridged study, registered booze consumption per capita was highest in Denmark and everyman in Sweden (Fig. 7). In Denmark, registered alcohol consumption per capita decreased slightly after the year 2002. In Finland, registered booze consumption per capita peaked in the time catamenia 2002–2006 in connection with an alcohol tax reduction. In Sweden, registered alcohol consumption per capita decreased slightly in the 90s and increased thereafter.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.  Object name is acps0131-0297-f7.jpg

Registered total alcohol consumption in litres pure booze per capita in Denmark, Finland and Sweden from 1987 to 2006.

Discussion

Main findings

In this report, our master finding was a 24- to 28-yr shorter life expectancy in people with AUD compared with the general population. Mortality associated with AUD was sex-dependent; men with AUD in all iii countries had over time an increased difference in life expectancy, but women with AUD in Republic of finland and Sweden (non Kingdom of denmark) had a decreased difference in life expectancy. The changes in mortality and life expectancy during the study were about negative in Denmark and to the lowest degree negative in Sweden.

Strengths and limitations

A major strength of this written report was the comparison of life expectancy and bloodshed in all people who had AUD diagnosed in three Nordic countries with different alcohol policies and patterns of booze consumption. The availability of nationwide health registers enabled us to follow the entire report population. The large population size (all people treated for AUD from three countries) provided highly reliable data. Much time and try was invested in quality assurance of statistical analytical techniques, which made the data comparable between the different countries.

A major limitation of this study was the inclusion of patients from inpatient intendance simply, which may take caused selection bias towards AUD patients with the most severe health issues. Patients with AUD who had only outpatient care were not included. The report was annals-based and lacked clinical data near the blazon of treatment and adherence. In addition to illness prevalence in the population, patterns of hospitalization data including clinical diagnoses may be affected by other factors that were not analysed, such as changes in the number of hospital beds bachelor, changes in hospital remuneration policies, and differences in clinical indications for infirmary treatment. A common shortcoming in annals studies is that they rarely can provide satisfactory answers on why the mortality is loftier or whether its decrease is due to policy changes, improved intendance or merely authoritative decisions (15), although they can hint at the answer and provide directions (fifteen, sixteen).

Another written report limitation was that booze consumption per capita was determined from aggregate information and not from alcohol exposure for individuals. Even so, the Globe Health Arrangement data used in this study were supported by similar results from population surveys in Denmark, Finland and Sweden (17–xix). In the aggregate data, neither age- nor sex-specific alcohol consumption data were bachelor. The results based on aggregated data were exploratory and may not exist used to describe definitive causative conclusions. In improver, data about illegal alcohol production and private cross-border import were not included in the national statistics (6) and could not be evaluated in this study.

Life expectancy and bloodshed

The divergence in life expectancy betwixt people with AUD and the full general population during the study increased in men in all three countries, decreased in women in Finland and Sweden, and was unchanged in women in Denmark (Table 2). However, the number of women hospitalized because of AUD increased during the study in all three countries (Tabular array one), consistent with documented increment in booze consumption in women (13). In addition, there has been a decrease in the perceived stigma associated with seeking handling for AUD (20, 21). Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of AUD may be more mutual in women currently than xx years ago. Notwithstanding, only 1 in three people with AUD seek handling (21).

This study showed that people with AUD had a 4-fold greater risk of premature expiry than people in the general population, and people with AUD died on boilerplate 24–28 years before than people in the general population. Previous studies showed the mortality risk to be two- to six-fold greater in people with AUD (4, 22). In this study, people with AUD had a greater take a chance of death from all diseases and medical conditions, suicide, and other external causes of decease, than people in the general population, consistent with findings from previous studies (2–4, 22, 23).

In men, the departure in mortality between patients with AUD and the general population increased more in Kingdom of denmark and Finland than Sweden. These differences may be associated with the overall level of alcohol consumption, which is highest in Kingdom of denmark and lowest in Sweden. The divergence in mortality betwixt people with AUD and the general population was smaller for both men and women in all study periods in Sweden than Kingdom of denmark or Finland (Table 2). The number of deaths amid women increased in all three countries during the study menses, due to increasing numbers of women diagnosed with AUD in all countries, although standard morality ratios did non increase. The alcohol control policies of the countries are associated with total booze consumption; Sweden had the most restrictive, and Denmark had the least restrictive alcohol policies. Other studies have shown that the negative furnishings of the increased availability of alcohol in Finland mainly occurred in people with AUD (24–27). For example, in Republic of finland, deaths from liver disease increased by 30% and alcohol-related sudden deaths increased by 17% after changes in alcohol regulations in 2004 (27–29).

Clinical implications

Findings from the present written report testify that AUD in the Nordic countries is associated with substantially increased mortality, even though booze command policies are restrictive compared with other countries. What might be important to add to the general restrictive booze policies would be selective efforts aimed at loftier alcohol consumers, to achieve preventive effects in terms of reducing the rate of high consumers converting to AUD. In this field, a wider focus is necessary including testing new preventive efforts, with the aim of reducing alcohol-related damage in people with AUD. In improver the somatic care of people with AUD should exist substantially improved.

In summary, the present study of the entire populations of Kingdom of denmark, Republic of finland and Sweden showed that people hospitalized with AUD had an boilerplate life expectancy of 47–53 years for men and 50–58 years for women. People hospitalized with AUD had a 24- to 28-twelvemonth shorter life expectancy than the general population. During the written report, the difference in life expectancy betwixt people with AUD and the full general population increased in men but not in women. Bloodshed and life expectancy were associated with total alcohol consumption in the three countries. Furthermore, the comprehensive population data confirmed that AUD is a major public health problem that causes many years of lost life, also in countries with restrictive alcohol consumption policies.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant (no. 2008-0885) from the Swedish Quango for Social and Working Life Enquiry and a projection grant (no. 20 120 263) from Stockholm County Council. The sponsors had no role in the design, conduct or reporting of the research. The statistical analyses were performed past TML, JH, MA at their institutions. The protocol can be obtained from es.ik@namtsew.ettenaej.

Declarations of interest

Jeanette Westman, Kristian Wahlbeck, Thomas Munk Laursen, Mika Gissler, Merete Nordentoft, Jonas Hällgren, Martti Arffman, and Urban Ösby have no connections (direct or indirect) with the alcohol or pharmaceutical industries.

References

ii. Hiroeh U, Kapur N, Webb R, Dunn G, Mortensen Atomic number 82, Appleby L. Deaths from natural causes in people with mental illness: a cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64:275–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Hiroeh U, Appleby L, Mortensen Pb, Dunn G. Expiry by homicide, suicide, and other unnatural causes in people with mental affliction: a population-based report. Lancet. 2001;358:2110–2112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

iv. Roerecke M, Rehm J. Alcohol employ disorders and bloodshed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013;108:1562–1578. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Lhachimi SK, Cole KJ, Nusselder WJ, et al. Health impacts of increasing booze prices in the European Union: a dynamic projection. Prev Med. 2012;55:237–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Bruun Chiliad, Edwards Thousand, Lumio M, et al. Alcohol command policies in public health perspective. New Brunswick, NJ; Helsinki: The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies; Rutgers University Middle of Alcohol Studies; 1975. [Google Scholar]

8. Sutton C. Swedish booze soapbox. Constructions of a social problem. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 1998. [Google Scholar]

9. Österberg E, Karlsson T. Alcohol policies in EU Member States and Norway. A collection of country reports. Helsinki: Stakes; 2002. [Google Scholar]

ten. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases. eighth edn. Geneva: World Wellness Organization; 1968. (ICD-8) [Google Scholar]

11. World Health Arrangement. International classification of diseases. 9th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987. (ICD-9) [Google Scholar]

12. Globe Health Organization. International classification of diseases. 10th edn. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1992. (ICD-10) [Google Scholar]

13. NOMESCO. 2009. Health Statistics in the Nordic Countries. Copenhagen; Available from: http://nowbase.org/. Accessed Oct iv, 2022.

14. Verschuuren M, Gissler M, Kilpeläinen K, et al. Public health indicators for the Eu: the joint action for ECHIM (European Community Health Indicators & Monitoring) Arch Public Health. 2013;71:12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

fifteen. Munk-Jørgensen P, Okkels N, Golberg D, Ruggeri M, Thornicroft G. L years' development and future perspectives of psychiatric register research. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130:87–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Allebeck P. The utilize of population based registers in psychiatric research. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;120:386–391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Ramstedt M. Change and stability? Trends in alcohol consumption, harms and policy: Sweden 1990–2010. Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2010;27:409–423. [Google Scholar]

18. Bjørk C, Vinther-Larsen M, Thygesen LC, Johansen D, Grønbaek MN. Alcohol consumption past middle-aged and elderly Danes from 1987 to 2003 [in Danish] Ugeskr Laeger. 2006;168:3317–3321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

nineteen. Mäkelä P, Tigerstedt C, Mustonen H. The Finnish drinking civilisation: change and continuity in the past 40 years. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012;31:831–840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

xx. Pescosolido BA, Martin JK, Long JS, Medina TR, Phelan JC, Link BG. "A disease similar whatever other"? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1321–1330. [PMC gratis article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Cunningham JA, Breslin FC. Just i in three people with alcohol abuse or dependence ever seek treatment. Addict Behav. 2004;29:221–223. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Harris EC, Barraclough B. Backlog mortality of mental disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:xi–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Nordentoft Thousand, Wahlbeck Thousand, Hällgren J, et al. Backlog mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with contempo onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Republic of finland and Sweden. PLoS I. 2013;8:e55176. [PMC gratis commodity] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Herttua K, Mäkelä P, Martikainen P. Changes in alcohol-related bloodshed and its socioeconomic differences after a large reduction in alcohol prices: a natural experiment based on register information. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1110–1118. [PMC gratis commodity] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Herttua One thousand, Mäkelä P, Martikainen P. An evaluation of the impact of a big reduction in alcohol prices on alcohol-related and all-cause mortality: time series assay of a population-based natural experiment. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:441–454. [PMC gratis article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Mäkelä P, Paljärvi T. Do consequences of a given pattern of drinking vary past socioeconomic condition? A mortality and hospitalisation follow-up for booze-related causes of the Finnish Drinking Habits Surveys. J Epidemiol Community Wellness. 2008;62:728–733. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Bloomfield K, Wicki Grand, Gustafsson NK, Mäkelä P, Room R. Changes in alcohol-related issues afterward booze policy changes in Denmark, Republic of finland, and Sweden. J Stud Booze Drugs. 2010;71:32–40. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Koski A, Sirén R, Vuori East, Poikolainen One thousand. Booze tax cuts and increase in booze-positive sudden deaths: a fourth dimension-series intervention analysis. Addiction. 2007;102:362–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. STAKES. Yearbook of alcohol and drug statistics 2006. Helsinki, Finland: STAKES; 2006. [Google Scholar]

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4402015/

Posted by: ayalasition.blogspot.com

0 Response to "how long do alcoholics live"

Post a Comment

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel